Reshaping America’s Economy for the Superintelligence Century with Jacob Helberg

**Sarah Guo** (0:05)
Hi, listeners. Welcome back to No Priors. Today, Elad and I are here with Jacob Helberg, the Undersecretary of State Designate for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment, co-founder of the Hill and Valley Forum, connecting Silicon Valley to policymakers in DC, and author of the book, The Wires of War, Technology and the Global Struggle for Power. We talk about what America needs to change about its global supply chain, why nuclear is the key to energy abundance, the return of American manufacturing, and super intelligence as a means for productivity and economic growth. Jacob, thanks so much for being here.

**Jacob Helberg** (0:38)
Thanks for having me.

**Sarah Guo** (0:39)
So very exciting in terms of your new role as Undersecretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment. Can you start by just telling us a little bit about what your initial agenda is or what you're excited about?

**Jacob Helberg** (0:56)
A few of the topics that I discussed in my opening statement in my Senate confirmation are focused on securing our supply chains. Our economy is extremely overreliant on a supply chain system that's very brittle. We have 90 percent reliance on critical minerals that are refined in China, on semiconductors that are manufactured in Taiwan. We have one of the best innovation ecosystems in the world, but that innovation ecosystem is sitting on top of a supply chain system that is very exposed to potential geopolitical disruptions. So helping move the needle to forge new partnerships with other countries to secure that is indispensable, as well as supporting ongoing efforts by the administration to reshore as much as we can right here in the US, would really go a long way to help give our builders the tools that they need to do what they do best, which is build products people love that are disruptive and that help grow the American economy.

**Elad Gil** (1:53)
Well, what are some of those things that you think are most important to be sure? And I think you also have sort of a broader purview of the anatomy of the US economy changing and mutating and could you actually give us the big picture and then kind of the specifics in terms of how you think things are shifting and then what do you think is most important to kind of bring back?

**Jacob Helberg** (2:09)
Yeah, totally. So one of the fascinating things about this current era and decade that we're in is we're actually really seeing the juxtaposition between the macroeconomic effects of the policies implemented by the Trump administration, juxtaposed with incredibly powerful technological shifts, especially in artificial intelligence. And what I mean by that is President Trump came in and instated a blitzkrieg of policy reforms, fast-tracking data center permits. On day one, he rolled out an EO to unleash American energy to facilitate and support the production, to surge production capacity for energy sources like oil, oil, gas and nuclear, as well as clean, beautiful coal, as he says. And so the net effect of all of these different policies combined with incredibly fast-paced progress in artificial intelligence is actually changing the makeup of our economy. And we're starting to see that in the data because for a long time the American economy was primarily a consumption-driven economy. We have at different points in time for the last few decades been between 70 and 80% consumption-driven. Over two-thirds of our economy have been entirely driven by services, and about 10% has been manufacturing, and we're starting to see those numbers move. The manufacturing makeup of our economy as a share of GDP has remained as of now roughly the same, but that's a lagging indicator. The more interesting one is we're seeing massive CapEx investment, as you guys know, that has really picked up in a statistically significant way. It's over 2% of GDP right now, and it's probably going to double by next year. Part of that is the result of tax incentives. Part of that is just making it easier to get permitting, because as you guys know, a lot of this stuff boils down to how do you compress the window when you want to make a CapEx investment.
The business people make a decision about whether or not it's going to take seven years or five years to actually get something up and running, and compressing that window as much as possible actually really moves the needle.

**Elad Gil** (4:38)
Are there common areas, sorry to interrupt you, but are there common areas of CapEx that you're seeing in particular? Is it defense? Is it space? Is it industrial? Are there types of manufacturing? Is it biotech? I'm just curious if there's a clear breakdown of-